Yumie (3_yumie7) — Translations

ゆとり教育
日本は高度成長期の後半の80後半から90年代前半より、教育改革を行い
ゆとり教育という政策を進めた。それにより、大幅に学校の授業が削られた。
９０年代前半までは日本では土曜日も普通に学校があったが、現在は他の国々と
同じく土日の週休２日制になっている。このゆとり教育が始まって以来、
特にエレクトロニクス分野の開発に必要な理数系の学力が格段に落ちてきている。

上記以外の要因もまだあると思います。

Education free from pressure

Japan's government pursued its policy of education reform called 'more relaxed education policy' from the late 1980's to the early 1990's. Accordingly, the number of classes was considerably cut back from school curriculas.
All schools had Saturday classes up until the early 90's in Japan,but they implement a five-day-week system like other countries.
Since the beginnings of the more relaxed education policy, scholastic ability, specially in science and math which are necessary for the development of the electronics field is failing considerably.

I suposse there are factors other than mentioned above.

The ships suffered about equally on both sides. Salvidienus retired to the port of Balarus, facing the straits, where he repaired what was left of his damaged and wasted fleet.When Octavian arrived he gave a solemn promise to the inhabitants of Rhegium and Vibo that they should be exempt from the list of prizes of victory, for he feared them on account of their nearness to the straits. As Antony had sent him a hasty summons, he set sail to join the latter at Brundusium, having Sicily and Pompeius on his left hand; and postponing the conquest of the island for the time being. On the approach of Octavian, Murcus withdrew a short distance from Brundusium in order that he might not be between Antony and Octavian,

両軍とも同じくらい船体に打撃を受けた。Salvidienusは海峡の向かいのBalarusに撤退し、残った損傷を受けたり壊れたりした船団を修理した。Octavianは到着した時、RhegiumとViboの住民に対し、彼らが勝利の褒美のリストから削除されると固く約束した。海峡からの近さから、住民を恐れたためだった。AntonyがOctavianに急な呼び出し状を送ったため、OctavianはSicilyとPompeiusが左側にあるBrundusiumにいたAntonyに合流するために出帆した。そしてさし当り島の征服を延期した。Octavianが近づくと、MurcusはAntonyとOctavianの間に挟まれないようにするためにBrundusiumから少し距離を置いて撤退した。

and there he watched for the passage of the transports that were carrying the army across from Brundusium to Macedonia.The latter were escorted by triremes,but a strong and favourable wind having sprung up they darted across fearlessly,needing no escort.Murcus was vexed,but he lay in wait for the empty ships on their return.Yet these returned, took on board the remainder of the soldiers,and crossed again with full sails until the whole army,together with Octavian and Antony, had passed over.Although Murcus recognized that his plans were frustrated by some fatality,he held his position nevertheless, in order to hinder as much as possible the passage of the enemy's munitions and supplies, or supplementary troops.

その地でMurcusはBrundusiumからMacedoniaに軍隊を移動させる交通路を観察した。敵は三段オールのガレー船にエスコートされていたが、好都合な強風が吹いたため、エスコートなしで、勇敢に突き進んでいった。Murcusは気を悪くしたが、帰還中の空の船を待つことにし、残った兵を乗船させ、Octavian、Antonyと共に全軍が通り過ぎるまで再び全速力で渡った。Murcusは自分の計画が何かの災難で失敗したことを認めたにもかかわらず、敵の武器弾薬や軍需物資、予備軍を出来るだけ妨げるため、引き続きその任に当たった。

Domitius Ahenobarbus was sent by Brutus and Cassius to co-operate with him in this work, which they deemed most useful, together with fifty additional ships, one legion, and a body of archers; for as the triumvirs did not have a plentiful supply of provisions from elsewhere, it was deemed important to cut off their convoys from Italy.And so Murcus and Domitius, with their 13 war ships and a still greater number of small ones, and their large military force, sailed hither and thither harassing the enemy. Meanwhile Decidius and Norbanus, whom Octavian and Antony had sent in advance with eight legions to Macedonia, proceeded from that country a distance of 150 stades toward the mountainous part of Thrace until

BrutusとCassiusはこれに協力するため最も役に立つを思われるDomitius Ahenobarbusを追加で船５０隻、１レギオン、射手１団を持たせて送り込んだ。三執政官の方は、どこからも軍需物資の十分な提供はなく、敵のイタリアからの物資の護送を絶つことが重要だと思われた。そこで、MurcusとDomitiusは戦艦１３隻と、多くの小規模の船、大勢の兵とともにあちらこちらに動き回り敵を攻撃した。一方、あらかじめOctavianとAntonyが８レギオンと共にMacedoniaに送っていたDecidiusとNorbanusはMacedoniaからThrace の山岳地域に１５０スタジアの距離まで進軍し、

they had passed beyond the city of Philippi,and seized the passes of the Corpilans and the Sapaeans,tribes under the rule of Rhascupolis,where lies the only known route of travel from Asia to Europe.Here was the first obstacle encountered by Brutus and Cassius after they had crossed over from Abydus to Sestus.Rhascupolis and Rhascus were brothers of the royal family of Thrace,ruling one country.They differed in opinion at that time in regard to the proper alliance.Rhascus had taken up arms for Antony and Rhascupolis for Cassius,each having 30 horse.When the Cassians came to inquire about the roads,Rhascupolis told them that the one by way of Aenus and Maronea was the short and usual and most travelled route.

ついにPhilippi市を超え、CorpilansとSapaeanの道を見つけた。CorpilansとSapaeanはRhascupolisの支配下にある部族で、アジアからヨーロッパに旅する彼らだけが知る道があった。これがBrutusとCassiusがAbydusからSestusに渡った後の最初に直面した障害だった。RhascupolisとRhascusはThrace王家の兄弟で、１つの国を支配していた。RhascusはAntonyのために戦い、RhascupolisはCassiusのために闘った。両者とも馬３０頭をもっていた。Cassius側が道について尋ねると、Rhascupolisは１つはAenusとMaroneaを通る道が最も普通のより利用されるルートだと答えた。

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SOA（Sons of Anarchy　アナーキーの息子）のファンなら誰もが知っている通り、SAMCROの生活はただ銃の違法取引をしたり対立するギャングを血みどろの縄張り争いするだけの簡単なものじゃない。バイククラブのライブではアドレナリン全開になるだろうが、一方でMayhemのひどい不正行為を隠すのにも、境界争いで銃取引が妨げられた時に着実に稼ぐためにも合法なビジネスは必要だ。
Sons of Anarchyの死神ロゴ入りメカニックジャケットの高品質と着心地の良さのコンビネーションはSOAの仮の生活の表の顔を褒めなければならない時も、テレビで大好きなカッコいいフィクションのバイクチームに大声でエールを送る時にもピッタリだ。

Cornificius replied that he did not know what allotment the triumvirs had made among themselves, and that since he had received the government from the Senate he would not surrender it to anybody else without the order of the Senate. This was the origin of hostilities between them. Cornificius had the heavier and more numerous army. That of Sextius was more nimble though inferior in number, by which means he was enabled to dash round and detach from Cornificius his inland districts until he was besieged by Ventidius, a lieutenant of Cornificius, who brought against him superior forces and whom he resisted valiantly. Laelius, another lieutenant of Cornificius, ravaged the province of Sextius.

Cornificiusは3人の執政官が自分たちでそのような分割をしたのか知らないし、自分は元老院に基づく政府から土地をもらったのだから、元老院の命令があるまでは誰にも土地を譲らないと答えた。これら彼らの敵対の原因だった。Cornificiusの軍は装備、数で勝っていた。Sextiusの軍は数では劣っていたが機動力があったので、Cornificiusの突進していって内陸地帯をCornificiusから取り上げることができた。ただし、それはCornificiusの副官Ventidiusに包囲されるまでのことだった。Ventidiusは優れた軍事力をもたらし、勇敢に抵抗した。Cornificiusの他の副官LaeliusはSextiusの所有する地方を破壊した。

The wealthy citizens fled from a country that they could no longer consider their own and took refuge with Pompeius,who was near by and greatly beloved by all at that time.There were present with him also many seafaring men from Spain,skilled in naval affairs,so that Pompeius was well provided with ships and money.When Octavian learned these facts he sent Salvidienus with a fleet,as though it were an easy task,to come alongside of Pompeius and destroy him,while he himself passed through Italy with the intention of joining Salvidienus at Rhegium.Pompeius advanced with a large fleet to meet Salvidienus, and a naval engagement took place between them at the entrance of the straits near the promontory of Scyllaeum.

裕福な市民はもはやそこが自分たちの土地とは考えられなかったため国からに逃げ出し、当時皆から深く慕われていたPompeiusの下に身を寄せた。また、海軍の仕事に熟達したスペインからの船乗りも多くいたためPompeiusは船も金も十分に持っていた。Octavianはこれらの事を知ると、Pompeiusに追いついて彼を打ちのめすのはたやすいことであるかのように考え、艦隊と共にSalvidienusを送る一方、自分はRhegiumでSalvidienusと合流しようとしてイタリアを通り抜けた。PompeiusはSalvidienusと対戦するために大艦隊を組んで進軍し、Scyllaeum岬付近の海峡の入り口で両軍の海戦が行なわれた。

The ships of Pompeius, being lighter and manned by better sailors, excelled in swiftness and skill, while those of the Romans, being of great tonnage and size, laboured heavily. When the usual rush of waves through the straits came on, and the sea dashed hither and thither under the influence of the current the crews of Pompeius suffered less than their adversaries, because they were accustomed to the agitation of the waters; while those of Salvidienus, not having their sea-legs through want of experience, and being unable to work their oars, or manage their rudders, were thrown into confusion. Accordingly, about sunset, Salvidienus was the first to give the signal of retreat. Pompeius withdrew also.

Pompeiusの船体の方が軽く、迅速で、技術に優れた船乗りが乗っており、一方ローマ軍の船体は非常に重く大きかったため、操縦に骨が折れた。いつものように海峡に波が押し寄せた時、海流の影響を受けて海はあちらこちらで波が打ち砕けた。Pompeius側の水兵は波の揺れに慣れていたため敵よりも苦しまなかった。一方、Salvidienusの方は経験不足で船酔いを防ぐ能力がなく、櫂を動かしたり舵を撮ったりすることも出来なかったため、混乱に陥った。その結果、夜が明ける頃、最初に撤退の合図を出したのはSalvidienusの方だった。Pompeiusも引き上げた。

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When the news of the overthrow of Antony at Actium was forwarded by Octavian this same Cicero, as consul, announced it to the people and affixed it to the rostra where formerly his father's head had been exhibited. Appius distributed his goods among his slaves and then sailed with them to Sicily. Being overtaken by a storm, the slaves formed a plot to get possession of his money, and placed Appius in a small boat, pretending to transfer him to a safer place; but it turned out that he reached the port most unexpectedly, while their ship was wrecked and they all perished. Publius, quaestor of Brutus, was solicited by the party of Antony to betray his chief, but refused, and was for that reason proscribed.

ActiumでAntonyを打倒したとの知らせをOctavianから受け取ると、Ciceroは執政官としてそれをローマ市民に発表し、以前彼の父親の頭が晒されていた演壇にそれを貼りつけた。Appiusは自分の財産を奴隷に分け与え、彼らと共にシチリアに向かって船出した。しけに遭ったため、奴隷はAppiusの金を取ろうと企み、Appiusを安全な場所に移送するように見せかけて小舟に乗せたが、Appiusが着いたのは最も予期しない港だった。一方、奴隷が乗っていた船は難破して全員亡くなった。Brutusの財務官のPubliusはAntony側から自分の主を裏切るよう求められたが、彼はそれを拒み、それが理由で追放者となった。

Afterward he was restored to citizenship and became a friend of Octavian. Once when Octavian came to visit him Publius displayed some images of Brutus, and Octavian praised him for doing so.The above are some of the most remarkable cases where the proscribed were lost or saved. Many others I have omitted. In the meantime, while these transactions were taking place at Rome, all the outlying countries were torn by hostilities growing out of the same commotion. Chief among these wars was that in Africa between Cornificius and Sextius, that in Syria between Cassius and Dolabella, and that against Pompeius around Sicily. Many cities suffered the calamity of capture.

その後、彼は市民権を取り戻し、Octavianの友人となった。ある日Octavianが彼を訪ねてきた時、PubliusはBrutusの彫像をいくつか見せ、Octavianは彼がそうしたことを褒めた。以上は、追放が解除されたり助かった最も顕著なケースである。他にも私が記さなかった多くのケースがある。一方、ローマでこのような取引が行なわれていた間、周辺諸国では同じ騒ぎから起きた敵意が増大していった。そのよう争いの中で主要なものはアフリカではCornificius対Sextius、シリアではCassius対Dolabella、またSicily周辺のPompeiusに対するものだった。多くの都市では占領される災難に苦しんだ。

I shall pass by the smaller ones and confine myself to the largest,and especially the very celebrated captures of Laodicea, Tarsus, Rhodes, Patara, and Xanthus. I shall relate briefly what took place at each of these.That part of Africa which the Romans took from the Carthaginians they still call Old Africa. The part that belonged to King Juba, and which was taken by Gaius Caesar at a later period, they call for that reason New Africa; it might also be called Numidian Africa. Accordingly Sextius, who held the government of New Africa, being appointed by Octavian, summoned Cornificius to abandon Old Africa to him because the whole country had been assigned to Octavian in the allotment of the triumvirs.

その中の小さなものは省略して最大のものに限って記そうと思う。中でもよく知られているのはLaodicea、Tarsus、Rhodes、Patara、Xanthusの占領だ。ローマ人がカルタゴ人から占領したアフリカの地方は現在でも旧アフリカと呼ばれている。Juba王が所有し、のちの時代にGaius Caesarが占領した地域はそのような理由から新アフリカと呼ばれ、ヌミディアアフリカとも呼ばれている。それに従い、Octavianに指名されて新アフリカを治めることになったSextiusは、三執政官の土地分割によって国全体がOctavianに分け与えられたので旧アフリカ地域を譲渡するようCornificiusに要求した。

There were two men named Metellus, father and son. The father held a command under Antony at the battle of Actium and was taken prisoner, but not recognized. The son fought on the side of Octavian and held a command under him at the same battle. When Octavian was classifying the prisoners at Samos the son was sitting with him. The old man was led forward covered with hair, misery, and dirt, and completely metamorphosed by them. When his name was called by the herald in the array of prisoners the son sprang from his seat, and, with difficulty recognizing his father, embraced him with a cry of anguish. Then restraining his lamentation he said to Octavian, "He was your enemyr.He had earned your punishment,

Metellusという同じ名の父子がいた。父の方はActiumの戦いでAntonyの下、指揮を取って捕虜となったが、それが誰なのか分かっていなかった。息子の方はOctavian側について戦い同じ戦いでOctavianの下で指揮を取っていた。父の方の年老いた男が髪ｎ覆われ、みすぼらしく汚い格好で全く姿を変えられて連れて来られた。捕虜の列の中から、男の名前が伝令官によって呼ばれると、息子は椅子から飛び上がって何とか父だと見分け、苦悶の叫びを上げながら父を抱擁した。そして嘆き悲しみを抑えてOctavianに言った。「父は殿下の敵でした。殿下より罰を受け、

I your reward. I ask you either to spare my father on my account, or to kill me at the same time on his account." There was much emotion on all sides, and Octavian spared Metellus, although he had been bitterly hostile to himself and had scorned many offers made to him to desert Antony.Marcus was one of the lieutenants of Brutus and was proscribed for that reason. When Brutus was defeated he was captured. He pretended to be a slave and was bought by Barbula. The latter, perceiving that he was skilful, placed him over his fellow-slaves and gave him charge of his private disbursements. As he was clever in all respects and superior in intelligence to the condition of a slave,

私は褒美を受けております。私に免じて父を勘弁してくださるか、さもなくば父の代わりに私の命をお取りください。」皆、深い感動に包まれた。この父はかつてOctavianに大きな敵意を抱きAntonyの軍から脱走するように多くの申し出をしたがそれに取り合わなかったのだが、OctavianはMetellusを許した。MarcusはBrutusの補佐官で、Brutusが戦いに負けた時、捕虜となった。Marcusは奴隷に身をやつし、Barbulaによって連れてこられた。BarbulaはMarcusの優れた能力に気がつくと、彼を奴隷の指導役につけ、金を支払った。Marcusが奴隷にしては、あらゆる面で賢く優れた知性をもっていたため、

his master had suspicions and encouraged him to hope that if he would confess that he was one of the proscribed he (Barbula) would procure his pardon. He denied stoutly, and gave himself a feigned name and family and former masters. Barbula brought him to Rome, expecting that if he were proscribed he would show reluctance to come, but he followed all the same. One of Barbula's friends, who met him at the gates, saw Marcus standing by his side in the character of a slave, and privately told Barbula who he was, and he obtained from Octavian, through the intercession of Agrippa, the erasure of the name of Marcus from the proscription.The latter became a friend of Octavian,

主人はいぶかしく思い、もしMarcusが追放者の1人だと白状するなら私(Barbula) があなたが許されるよう取り計らってあげようと望みを持たせた。Marcusはそれをきっぱりと断り、偽りの名前と家族と前の主人達の名前を挙げた。BarbulaはMarcusが追放者ならローマに行くのを嫌がるはずだと思い、Marcusをローマに連れていったが、彼は全く動じる様子もなくそれに従った。Barbulaの友人でBarbulaに門でであった者が、Marcusが奴隷の格好をしてBarbulaの傍に立っているのを見て、Barbulaに彼の身元と、Agrippaの仲裁によりMarcusの名の追放者のリストから削除の許可をOctavianから受けていることを教えた。彼はOctavianの友人となり、

and some time later served as his lieutenant against Antony at the battle of Actium. Barbula was then serving with Antony, and the fortune of both of them was reversed. For when Antony was vanquished Barbula was taken prisoner and he pretended to be a slave, and Marcus bought him pretending not to know him. Then he laid the whole matter before Octavian and asked that he might compensate Barbula with a like service, and his request was granted.This similarity of good fortune attended these two in after times, for they both held the chief magistracy in the city the same year. Balbinus took refuge with Pompeius and was restored with him, and became consul not long afterward.

その後Actiumの戦いでAntonyに対抗してOctavianの補佐官として仕えた。Barbulaは当時Antonyに仕えており、2人の運命は逆転した。Antonyが降伏した時、Barbulaは捕虜となり奴隷に見せかけ、MarcusはBarbulaを知らないふりをして彼を買った。そしてOctavianの前で事のいきさつを詳しく語り、Barbulaに同じような仕事をさせて罪を相殺するようOctavianに願い出た。Octavianは願いを聞き届けた。そしてその後この2人に同様に幸運が訪れた。同年、2人ともローマの司令長官の地位に就いた。BalbinusはPompeiusに避難し、彼と共に回復した。それからまもなく執政官となった。

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The triumvirs addressed the people on this subject and published an edict requiring 1400 of the richest women to make a valuation of their property, and to furnish for the service of the war such portion as triumvirs should require from each. It was provided further that if any should conceal their property or make a false valuation they should be fined, and that rewards should be given to informers, whether free persons or slaves. The women resolved to beseech the women-folk of the triumvirs. With the sister of Octavian and the mother of Antony they did not fail, but they were repulsed from the doors of Fulvia, the wife of Antony, whose rudeness they could scarce endure.

三執政官らはこの件につき市民に演説を行ない、彼らの財産の査定を行なうために1400人の最も裕福な女性が必要で、軍役に提供するために、各執政官はそれだけの取り分が必要になるとの公告を出した。さらにもし自分の財産を隠したり虚偽の査定をすれば罰せられ、自由民であれ奴隷であれ、それを通報した者には褒賞が与えられると記されてあった。そこで女性達は三執政官の身内の女性らに懇願しようと決心した。Octavianの妹やAntonyの母は懇願に陥らなかったが、Antonyの妻Fulviaの玄関先から追い払われたため、Fulviaの不作法には我慢ならなかった。