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With no voltage present, the molecules lie parallel to the windows and maximum retardance is obtained. When voltage is applied across the liquid crystal layer, the molecules tip toward the direction of the applied electric field. As voltage increases, the effective birefringence decreases, causing a reduction in retardance. Uncompensated retarders can vary from 30nm to ½λ while compensated retarders can operate from 0 - ½λ.