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Since houses in Japan were designed to evade the heat and humidity in summer rather than the coldness in winter, they were poor at adiathermancy and airtightness. Thus unlike Europe, in Japan there are a lot of partial heaters such as irori fireplace, kotatsu table heater and brazier. Irori played a role of a heater, an oven and a light altogether. The fuel of irori was mainly bundles of wood, and in some places where such things were scarce, people used straws, chaffs, and driftwoods, or even peat and charcoal. In urban area, the houses were narrow and it was hard to obtain sufficient amount of fuel, so kotatsu and brazier were used instead (fuel was charcoal and cut ash) instead of irori.