Why American Internet companies fail in China
Editor’s Note: The piece originally appears on LinkedIn, we reproduced it here under Kaifu Lee’s authorization. Kaifu is the founder of Chinese incubator Innovation Works , he also served as Google and Microsoft VP.
Almost without exception, American Internet companies failed in China. The chart below shows the failure of American companies in China, and the three big winners: Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent, that emerged as a result (the collective market capitalization of these three companies is about $150 billion).
編集者注:この記事はLinkedInに掲載されたもので、私達はKaifu Lee氏の許可を得てここに転載した。Kaifu氏は中国のインキュベーター、Innovation Worksの創設者で、またGoogleとマイクロソフトで前副社長である。
ほぼ例外なく、米国インターネット企業は中国で失敗した。以下のグラフは中国での米国企業の失敗を示したもので、三大勝者のAlibaba、Baidu、Tencentが浮上することとなった(この三社の合計時価総額は約1500億ドルである)。
編集者の注意書き:この記事は、もともとLinkedlnに掲載されたものであるが、Kaifu Leeの許可を得て今回手を加えた。Kaifuは中国のインキュベイター、Innovation Worksの創設者であり、GoogleとMicrosftの副社長を務めた人物だ。
ほとんど例外なく、アメリカのインターネット会社は中国で失敗している。下記のチャートでは、アメリカ企業の中国での失敗と、3社の巨大な成功者を示している。結果的に突出しているAlibabaとBaudu、Tencentだ。(この3社の時価総額は約1,500億ドルだ。)
Many attribute the American company failures to government regulations or favoritism. While these played a part in their failure, there were other more relevant reasons related to the companies themselves:
1. Too short-term focused – China is a large market requiring much patience. American companies often prioritize globally based on profitability, or cut-back across all regions during economic downturns. But these moves often prove to be penny-wise, pound-foolish. They save some money in the short-term, but hand over market share to the competitors. Examples: AOL entered and exited China twice — each exit caused by its own financial woes, while the China market was booming.
1. 短期展望過ぎる - 中国は非常に忍耐の必要な大きな市場である。米国企業は世界的にしばしば利益性を優先し、景気が悪化する中、全地域に縮小政策をあてはめる。しかし、この動きは、一銭を節約して大金を無駄にする、となることが多い。短期ではいくらかの金を節約するものの、競合他社に市場シェアを明け渡すことになる。例えば、中国市場が盛況の間、AOLは中国に出入りを2度し、出るたびに同社には財政困難を伴った。
1.結果を短期間にもとめすぎること-中国はじっと我慢することが必要な巨大な市場である。アメリカの企業は全体的に利益ベースで優先順位をつけ、経済低迷の間には全ての地域で削減することが多い。しかし、こういった動きは、安物買いの銭失いであることが多い。短期の視点で節約して、市場シェアを競合に奪われてしまうのだ。例えば、AOLは中国への参入、撤退を2度行っている。中国市場はにぎわっていたのに、2回とも撤退したのは自身の財政問題のためだ。
2. Local team not empowered – China is a tough, large market with fierce competitors. To have a chance in China, the American company must empower the local team to be responsive, autonomous, localized, and ready for combat. However, because of some horror stories or stereotyped concerns, American company headquarters would not only refuse to give autonomy, but also apply additional scrutiny. Example: Google’s processes required headquarter approval for policy, product, data center allocation, UI, and even doodle, not to mention hiring of each personnel.
例えば、採用については言うまでもなく、ポリシーや製品、データセンターの幹部の承認を得るために、データセンターの配置、UI、ちょっとした落書きについてでも、本社の承認を得ないといけない、Googleのプロセスがある。
3. Slow global processes – Chinese market can be sufficiently different to require exceptions, but American companies care greatly about maintaining a single global platform. These decisions will maintain integrity of the global platform, but may give up the local market share. Example: eBay bought the market leader Eachnet, and then killed its platform in favor of the eBay platform hosted in the US, which was a disaster. Another example was eBay relied on seller reputation, but in China that was not enough, and Alipay came up with an escrow payment which won the battle and the war.
4. Cultural mismatch – American companies prefer to hire Ivy League MBAs or Stanford PhDs with years of experience, speaking perfect English and American body language. But these “sea turtles” may not be the most effective in day-to-day battle in the Chinese Internet gladiatorial fight. Example: Yahoo China had a GM who was considered a misfit inside Yahoo, but left to build a company valued over $3 billion in just six years.
So will an American company have a chance? It won’t be easy, but possibly. First, all of the above make a great textbook that must be studied to have a chance. Second, while Chinese companies are doing well in the consumer/mobile software space, I believe with big data, cloud computing, and enterprise software, American companies still have an edge… for now.