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「契約とは」
契約は、お互いの意思表示の合致によって成立する法律行為です。
「契約書とは」
原則として、口頭でも契約は有効に成立しますが、後日のトラブルを予防するために、契約書という書面に残します。
「契約書」という名称の他にも、「確認書」・「合意書」・「覚書（覚え書き）」・「念書（約束事を記した書面を相手に差し出したもの）」等の名称のものがありますが、その効力に変わりはありません。
「典型契約」
民法では、よくある契約の類型として、次の１３種類の契約を定めており、これらを典型契約（有名契約）といいます。
贈与契約・売買契約・交換契約・消費貸借契約・使用貸借契約・賃貸借契約・雇用契約・請負契約・委任契約・寄託契約・組合契約・和解契約・終身定期金契約
「契約自由の原則」
契約には、「契約自由の原則」というものがあり、典型契約以外の契約も許容しています。
典型契約以外の契約類型を、非典型契約（無名契約）といいます。
「契約の履行」
契約が有効に成立すると、当事者には、契約を守る義務が生じます。
契約が履行されないときには、訴訟手続や強制執行手続によって、強制的な契約の履行を求めることができます。
「公正証書による契約」
公正証書は、法務大臣が任命する公証人が作成する文書です。
強制執行認諾文言（「債務者は、本契約の条件に違反した場合は直ちに強制執行に服する旨認諾した」という文言）がついた公正証書であれば、勝訴判決と同様の効果を持つため、契約違反があったときに裁判をしなくても、直ちに強制執行をして、相手の財産を差し押さえることができます
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Translation / English
- Posted at 03 Jun 2009 at 15:42
[Contract]
Contract refers to a legal action that is conclude by the accordance in declaration of each other's intention.
[Contract document]
Generally, a contract can be conclude orally, but in order to avoid troubles in the future, a document called contract document should be put into writing. Other than "contract document", it may also be called "confirmation note", "statement of mutual agreement", "memorandum", or "letters of awareness (i.e. a document noting the promises, which is submitted to the counterpart)", but their effects are the same.
[Nominate Contracts]
In Civil Code, as common types of contracts, there are 13 specific kinds of contracts called the Nominate (Common) contracts, which are as below;
donation contract, trading contract, exchange contract, loan of consumption contract, loan of use contract, lease contract, employment contract, service contract, commission contract, storage contract, partnership contract, compromise contract, and annuity contract.
[Principle of free contract]
The exists a so-called "Principle of free contract" in contracts, which allows contracts other than the Nominate Contracts. All kinds of contracts other than the Nominate Contracts are called Innominate (Uncommon) contracts.
[Execution of Contract]
When the contract effectively comes to conclusion, there are duties for the parties to fulfill their obligations. When the contract has been defaultrf, it is possible to force the execution of contract by logal process 文字数限界、質問の２分求む
Contract refers to a legal action that is conclude by the accordance in declaration of each other's intention.
[Contract document]
Generally, a contract can be conclude orally, but in order to avoid troubles in the future, a document called contract document should be put into writing. Other than "contract document", it may also be called "confirmation note", "statement of mutual agreement", "memorandum", or "letters of awareness (i.e. a document noting the promises, which is submitted to the counterpart)", but their effects are the same.
[Nominate Contracts]
In Civil Code, as common types of contracts, there are 13 specific kinds of contracts called the Nominate (Common) contracts, which are as below;
donation contract, trading contract, exchange contract, loan of consumption contract, loan of use contract, lease contract, employment contract, service contract, commission contract, storage contract, partnership contract, compromise contract, and annuity contract.
[Principle of free contract]
The exists a so-called "Principle of free contract" in contracts, which allows contracts other than the Nominate Contracts. All kinds of contracts other than the Nominate Contracts are called Innominate (Uncommon) contracts.
[Execution of Contract]
When the contract effectively comes to conclusion, there are duties for the parties to fulfill their obligations. When the contract has been defaultrf, it is possible to force the execution of contract by logal process 文字数限界、質問の２分求む
