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But not only bishops were expected to be "lovers of the poor".To be a "lover of the poor" became a public virtue.It was a virtue expected of Christian emperors.The `humanitas',the benevolent style of rule associated with a Roman emperor in the classical period,came to include demonstrative concern for the poor.In451,Valentinian3 and marcian,the emperors of West and East respectively,declared that "it is a feature of our humane rule to look after the interests of the destitute and to ensure that the poor de not go with food."The gravestones of the well-to-do all over the Roman world make plain thet,in Christian as well as in Jewish circle,to be a `philoptochos',an `amator pauperum',a"lover of poor", an `elemosinarius',a person "devoted to the gaving of alms," or a `philenotolos',a "lover of the commandments"[of God,to are for the poor]," were qualities singled out for praise in upperclass men and women.